How the Military Utilises OSINT: Real-World Examples and Insights

How the Military Utilises OSINT: Real-World Examples and Insights

In an age where information flows freely and rapidly, Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) has become an indispensable tool for modern military operations. OSINT refers to the collection and analysis of publicly available information to inform decision-making. This intelligence is gathered from sources such as social media, news reports, satellite imagery, and online forums. Below, we explore real-world examples of how the military leverages OSINT for strategic advantage, operational efficiency, and countering threats.

1. Tracking Adversary Movements

One of the most well-documented uses of OSINT is tracking adversary troop movements. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022), OSINT analysts played a pivotal role by monitoring Russian military convoys. Civilians and soldiers posted videos of these convoys on social media platforms like TikTok, which were then geolocated by analysts using tools like Google Earth. These insights provided Ukrainian forces and allied nations with a clear understanding of Russian strategies and troop locations, enabling effective countermeasures.

2. Identifying Weaknesses in Supply Chains

The fight against ISIS showcased another key OSINT capability—disrupting supply chains. Analysts examined photos of ISIS militants and equipment posted online, identifying details such as vehicle models, serial numbers, and manufacturer markings. This allowed the military to trace the origin of supplies and target key points in ISIS’s logistical network, severely hindering their operational capabilities.

3. Monitoring Emerging Threats

OSINT is a critical tool in counter-terrorism operations. For example, military intelligence teams monitor extremist propaganda on social media, blogs, and forums to track recruitment strategies and emerging threats. The US and UK have used OSINT to detect and analyse terrorist activities by groups like Al-Qaeda and ISIS, identifying patterns in their digital footprints and preventing potential attacks before they occur.

4. Geolocation and Verification of Intelligence

Geolocation is another area where OSINT has proven invaluable. During the Syrian civil war, military analysts and independent organisations like Bellingcat verified the locations of airstrikes and chemical weapon attacks using satellite imagery, shadows, and landmarks visible in videos. These geolocated events provided credible evidence for international accountability and informed military responses.

5. Countering Disinformation

Disinformation campaigns are a growing challenge in military operations. During NATO’s Exercise Trident Juncture (2018), OSINT analysts identified and debunked false claims about civilian casualties and alleged NATO misconduct spread by hostile actors. By exposing these false narratives, the military maintained public trust and ensured the integrity of the operation.

6. Assessing Infrastructure and Terrain

Before the US raid that killed Osama bin Laden, OSINT analysts used satellite imagery and publicly available records to assess the compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. They discovered key details such as the lack of phone or internet service, unusually high walls, and limited activity patterns. These insights were critical in planning the operation with precision and minimising risks.

7. Naval and Maritime Surveillance

The military also uses OSINT for maritime security. For example, Automatic Identification System (AIS) data from ships helps monitor naval activity in disputed territories. In the South China Sea, OSINT analysts tracked Chinese fishing vessels and military ships encroaching on disputed areas, ensuring the enforcement of maritime laws and maintaining territorial sovereignty.

8. Monitoring Social Media for Troop Conduct

Social media monitoring extends to the military’s own personnel. During the War in Afghanistan, the US military used OSINT to track posts by soldiers that could reveal sensitive information. By flagging and addressing posts showing operational details or locations, they reduced the risk of ambushes and compromised missions.

9. Predicting Conflicts and Political Instability

OSINT analysts monitor social unrest, elections, and political tensions to predict potential conflicts. Before the Arab Spring, they observed increased online activity on platforms like Facebook and Twitter, where citizens discussed government oppression and protests. This early warning allowed military planners to anticipate and respond to emerging crises.

10. Identifying Recruitment Patterns

Extremist groups often rely on online platforms to recruit fighters. OSINT analysts study these platforms to identify recruitment patterns, hashtags, memes, and propaganda videos. These insights are then used to develop counter-propaganda and disrupt recruitment networks, undermining the operational capabilities of these groups.

Tools and Techniques in Military OSINT

The military relies on a range of OSINT tools to support these operations:

Satellite Imagery: Google Earth and commercial providers like Maxar.
Social Media Monitoring: Dataminr, Meltwater, and open-source tools like Twint.
Geolocation Verification: Platforms like ArcGIS and Geofeedia.
News and Media Analysis: LexisNexis and Meltwater.

Conclusion

The military’s use of OSINT demonstrates how publicly available information can be harnessed for strategic advantage. From tracking adversary movements to countering disinformation, OSINT has revolutionised the way intelligence is gathered and utilised. As technology evolves, so too will the capabilities of OSINT, ensuring it remains a cornerstone of modern military strategy.